IGNOU MCS-012 Computer Organisation and Assembly Language Programming

Computer Organisation and Assembly Language Programming

In the modem era, Computer system is used in most aspects of life. You may use many different types of software on a computer system for particular applications ranging from simple document creation to space data processing. But, how does the Software is executed by the Computer Hardware? The answer to this basic question is contained in this Course. This course presents an overview of the Computer Organisation. After going through this course, you will not only acquire the conceptual framework of Computer Organisation and Architecture but also would be able to use the concepts in the domain of Personal Computers. In specific, you will be able to design digital circuits; describe the functions of various components of computers and their construction; and write simple assembly programs. Structure BLOCK 1: Introduction to Digital Circuits UNIT 1: The Basic Computer * The von Neumann Architecture * Instruction Execution: An Example * Instruction Cycle 0 Interrupts 0 Interrupts and Instruction Cycle *Computers: Then and Now 0 The Beginning 0 First Generation Computers 0 Second Generation Computers 0 Third Generation Computers 0 Later Generations Unit 2: The Data Representation *Data Representation *Number Systems *Decimal Representation in Computers *Alphanumeric Representation *Data Representation For Computation 0 Fixed Point Representation 0 Decimal Fixed Point Representation 0 Floating Point Representation 32 0 Error Detection And Correction Codes Unit 3: Principles of Logic Circuits I * Logic Gates *Logic Circuits *Combinational Circuits 0 Canonical and Standard Forms 0 Minimization of Gates *Design of Combinational Circuits *Examples of Logic Combinational Circuits 0 Adders 0 Decoders 0 Multiplexer 0 Encoder 0 Programmable Logic Array 0 Read Only Memory ROM Unit 4: Principles of Logic Circuits I *Sequential Circuits: The Definition Flip Flops 0 Basic Flip-Flops 0 Excitation Tables 0 Master Slave Flip Flops 0 Edge Triggered Flip-flops *Sequential Circuit Design *Examples of Sequential Circuits 0 Registers 0 Counters - Asynchronous Counters 0 Synchronous Counters 0 RAM *Design of a Sample Counter BLOCK 2: Basic Computer Organisation Unit 1: The Memory System *The Memory Hierarchy *RAM, ROM, DRAM, Flash Memory Secondary Memory and Characteristics Hard Disk Drives 0 Optical Memories 0 CCDs, Bubble Memories *RAID and its Levels *The Concepts of High Speed Memories 0 Cache Memory 0 Cache Organisation 0 Memory Interleaving 0 Associative Memory *Virtual Memory *The Memory System of Micro-Computer 0 SIMM, DIMM, etc., Memory Chips 0 SDRAM, RDRAM, Cache RAM Types of Memory Unit 2: The Input/Output System *Input / Output Devices or External or Peripheral Devices The Input Output Interface *The Device Controllers and its Structure 0 Device Controller 0 Structure of an Input /Output Interface *Device Drivers *Input Output Techniques 0 Programmed Input /Output 0 Interrupt-Driven Input /Output 0 Interrupt-Processing 0 DMA (Direct Memory Access) *Input Output Processors *External Communication Interfaces Unit 3: Secondary Storage Techniques *Secondary Storage Systems *Hard Drives 0 Characteristics: Drive Speed, Access Time, Rotation Speed 0 Partitioning & Formatting: FAT, Inode 0 Drive Cache­ 0 Hard Drive Interface: IDE, SCSI, BIDE, Ultra DMA & AT A/66 *Removable Drives 0 Floppy Drives 0 CD-ROM & DVD'-ROM *Removable Storage Options 0 Zip, Jaz & Other Cartridge Drives 0 Recordable CDs & DVDs 0 CD-R vs CD-RW 0 Tape Backup Unit 4: I/O Technology *Keyboard 0 Keyboard Layout 0 Keyboard Touch 0 Keyboard Technology *Mouse *Video Cards 0 Resolution 0 Colour Depth 0 Video Memory 0 Refresh Rates 0 Graphic Accelerators and 3-D Accelerators 0 Video Card Interfaces *Monitors 0 Cathode Ray Tubes 0 Shadow Mask 0 Dot Pitch 0 Monitor Resolutions 0 DPI 0 Interlacing 0 Bandwidth *Liquid Crystal Displays, (LCD) *Digital Camera *Sound Cards *Printers 0 Classification of Printers 0 Print Resolutions 0 Print Speed 0 Print Quality 0 Colour Management *Modems *Scanners 0 Resolution 0 Dynamic Range/Colour Depth 0 Size and Speed 0 Scanning Tips *Power Supply SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) BLOCK 3: The Central Processing Unit Unit 1: Instruction Set Architecture *Instruction Set Characteristics *Instruction Set Design Considerations 0 Operand Data Types 0 Types of Instructions 0 Number of Addresses in an Instruction *Addressing Schemes 0 Immediate Addressing 0 Direct Addressing 0 Indirect Addressing 0 Register Addressing 0 Register Indirect Addressing 0 Indexed Addressing Scheme 0 Base Register Addressing 0 Relative Addressing Scheme 0 Stack Addressing *Instruction Set and Format Design Issues 0 Instruction Length 0 Allocation of Bits Among Opcode and Operand 0 Variable Length of Instructions *Example of Instruction Format Unit 2: Registers, Micro-Operations and Instruction Execution *Basic CPU Structure *Register Organization 0 Programmer Visible Registers 0 Status and Control Registers *General Registers in a Processor *Micro-operation Concepts 0 Register Transfer Micro-operations 0 Arithmetic Micro-operations 0 Logic Micro-operations 0 Shift Micro-operations *Instruction Execution and Micro-operations *Instruction Pipelining Unit 3: ALU Organisation *ALU Organisation 0 A Simple ALU Organization 0 A Sample ALU Design 0 Arithmetic Processors Unit 4: The Control Unit *The Control Unit *The Hardwired Control *Wilkes Control *The Micro-Programmed Control *The Micro-Instructions 0 Types of Micro-Instructions 0 Control Memory Organisation 0 Micro-Instruction Formats *The Execution of Micro-Program Unit 5: Reduced Instruction Set Computer Architecture *Introduction to RISC 0 Importance of RISC Processors 0 Reasons for Increased Complexity 0 High Level Language Program Characteristics *RISC Architecture *The Use of Large Register File *Comments on RISC *RISC Pipelining Block 4: Assembly Language Programming Unit 1: Microprocessor Architecture *Microcomputer Architecture *Structure of 8086 CPU 0 The Bus Interface Unit 0 Execution Unit (EU) *Register Set of 8086 *Instruction Set of 8086 0 Data Transfer Instructions 0 Arithmetic Instructions 0 Bit Manipulation Instructions 0 Program Execution Transfer Instructions 0 String Instructions 0 Processor Control Instructions *Addressing Modes 0 Register Addressing Mode 0 Immediate Addressing Mode 0 Direct Addressing Mode 0 Indirect Addressing Mode Unit 2: Introduction to Assembly Language Programming *The Need and Use of the Assembly Language *Assembly Program Execution *An Assembly Program and its Components 0 The Program Annotation 0 Directives *Input Output in Assembly Program 0 Interrupts 0 DOS Function Calls (Using INT 21H) *The Types of Assembly Programs 0 COM Programs 0 EXE Programs *How to Write Good Assembly Programs Unit 3: Assembly Language Programming (Part - I) *Simple Assembly Programs 0 Data Transfer 0 Simple Arithmetic Application 0 Application Using Shift Operations 0 Larger of the Two Numbers *Programming With Loops and Comparisons 0 Simple Program Loops 0 Find the Largest and the Smallest Array Values 0 Character Coded Data 0 Code Conversion *Programming for Arithmetic and String Operations 0 String Processing 0 Some More Arithmetic Problems Unit 4: Assembly Language Programming (Part - I) *Use of Arrays in Assembly *Modular Programming 0 The stack 0 FAR and NEAR Procedures 0 Parameter Passing in Procedures 0 External Procedures *Interfacing Assembly Language Routines to High Level Language *Programs 0 Simple Interfacing 0 Interfacing Subroutines With Parameter Passing *Interrupts *Device Drivers in Assembly Counselling Sessions S. No. Counselling: Sessions Number of Sessions Comments 1. Theory Sessions 8 Two sessions each on each Block 2. Practical Sessions 2 These two practical sessions may be used for solving assignment problems. These are not compulsory. Session Details Session Type Session Block to be Topics to be covered Number Covered Theory 1 Block 1, Unit von Neumann Architecture, Instruction execution, Counselling 1, 2&3 ' concept of Interrupts, Fixed point and floating point arithmetic, error detection and other codes, concepts of Gates and Logic Circuits 2 Block 1, Unit The Combinational and Sequential circuits, Design of 3 & 4 Combinational circuits, examples of Combinational circuits, flip flops, sequential circuit design, examples of sequential circuits 3 Block 2, Unit The memory hierarchy, Cache, RAM, ROM, DRAM, 1 & 2 Flash Memory, secondary storage technologies and Characteristics, RAID and its levels, Cache Organisation, The Memory System of Micro-Computer, Input output interfaces, the concepts of device controllers, Input output techniques, DMA, Device drivers, Input output processors, Interrupt Processing 4 Block 2, Unit Hard Drives: Partitioning and Formatting: FAT, Inodes, 3&4 Drive Speed, Access Time, Rotation Speeds, Hard Drive Interfaces, Removable Storage Options, Video Cards, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Modems, Print Resolution, Scanners, Keyboards, Mouse, Power supply 5 Block 3, Unit The Instruction format, The Instruction set architecture, 1 & 2 The types of Instructions, The types of operands, Addressing modes and their importance, Description of Various types of Registers, Need and importance of registers, The Micro-operation concepts, The Instruction execution and micro-operations 6 Block 3, Unit The organzation of Arithmetic logic unit, The 3, 4 & 5 characteristics of ALU, Design of simple units of ALU, Pipelining, The hard wired control, Wilkes control, The Micro-programmed control, the microinstructions, the execution of micro-program, RISC principles, Large Register file in RISC, RISC pipelining 7 Block 4, Unit 8086 microprocessor, The Instruction format, The 1, 2& 3 addressing modes, The types of Instructions, The need and use of assembly language, Input output in assembly Language Program, Sample Assembly Programs including Arrays, Counters, Dealing with various simple statements, Use of various addressing modes 8 Block 4, Unit Modular Programming, Interfacing assembly with HLL, 4 Device drivers in assembly, Interrupts in assembly Practical 1&2 Assignment Design, write and test the MCS-012 assignment problem Sessions Problem